Yes yes, discount the fact he'd just finished a battle and ran over 100 miles to get there in the first place.
> He ran about 240 km (150 mi) in two days, and then ran back. He then ran the 40 km (25 mi) to the battlefield near Marathon and back to Athens to announce the Greek victory over Persia in the Battle of Marathon (490 BC) with the word νικῶμεν (nikomen[8] "We win!"), as stated by Lucian chairete, nikomen ("hail, we are the winners")[9] and then collapsed and died.
But sure, it's the last 25 (50 given both ways) that really killed him, not the other 150 miles.
> How could he have fueled properly for that effort?
Clearly, he didn't.
It's hard to get specifics, but that doesn't seem impossible for a pre-industrial, highly trained runner (several hunter-gatherer tribes seem to be capable of those sorts of distances over multiple days, and he was as close to a professional distance runner as existed at the time). Remember also that he isn't running through uninhabited territory; there would likely have been multiple opportunities (pre-established supply depots? well-known locals?) where an official representative of a major local power would have been able to acquire food.
(1 death per 1 participant according to the tale of Pheidippides.)